Duplicate ownership of real estate arises when the land registry records several persons as owners of the same plot, apartment, or house, usually on different title deeds (this does not refer to the legal regime of co-ownership shares). Such an entry may arise due to:

• Errors in historical land-registry records
• Parallel restitution and ownership proceedings
• Ownership from the past that was never cancelled (e.g., a state decision vs. a private transfer)
• An inheritance or court error

Such duplication does not disappear automatically and must be resolved through legal means.

The joint property of spouses (BSM) arises automatically upon marriage. It includes all property acquired during the marriage—including real estate, cars, savings, investments, as well as liabilities and debts. It does not include property acquired before marriage, by inheritance, by gift, or from the exclusive funds of one spouse.

After divorce, the joint property of spouses must be settled either by agreement or through court proceedings. The time limit for settlement is 3 years from the final divorce judgment. After that period, the statutory presumption of equal shares applies.

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